M1 motorway
From Wikipedia Mirror
Template:About Template:FixBunching Template:UK motorway routebox Template:FixBunching
The M1 is a major north–south motorway in England primarily connecting London to Leeds, where it joins the A1(M) near Aberford. While the M1 is considered to be the first inter-urban motorway to be completed in the United Kingdom,[1] the first road to be built to motorway standard in the country was the Preston Bypass, which later became part of the M6.[1]
The motorway is Template:Convert long and was constructed in four phases; the majority of the motorway was opened in 1959 and between 1965 and 1968. The two ends of the motorway were extended later; the southern end in 1977 and the northern end in 1999. It forms part of the unsigned European route E13.
Contents |
History
Since Italy became the first country to have a motorway in the 1920s, more countries had followed, notably Germany when Adolf Hitler ordered the construction of Autobahns in the 1930s. There had been plans since before the Second World War for a motorway network in the United Kingdom, but not until the 1950s did the dream become reality when the first motorways were given the government go-ahead.
The M1 was Britain's first full-length motorway.[1] The first motorway was the Preston By-pass in Lancashire, which opened the previous year.[1]
First section, 1959
The first section of the motorway opened between junction 5 (Watford) and junction 18 (Crick/Rugby) on 2 November 1959 together with the motorway's two spurs, the M10 (from junction 7 to south of St Albans originally connecting to the A1) and the M45 (from junction 17 to the A45 and Coventry).
The M1 was officially inaugurated from Slip End (close to Luton), this was celebrated by a large concrete slab[1] on the bridge next to the village with inscription "London-Yorkshire Motorway, This slab was sealed by the Rt Hon Harold Watkinson M.P. Minister of Transport inauguration day, 24th March 1958". It was removed during widening works in 2007-8.
This section of the M1 broadly follows the route of the A5 north-west. It starts at the Watford Bypass (A41), which runs south-east to meet the A1 at Apex corner, and ended on the A5 at Crick. The M10 spur motorway connected the M1 to the North Orbital Road (A405/A414, a precursor of the M25) where it also met the A5 (now renumbered here as the A5183) and, two miles to the east via the A414, the A6, which subsequently became part of the M25.
Although the whole of first section opened in 1959, it was built in two parts with the northern part (junctions 10 to 18) being built by John Laing[1] and the southern part (the St Albans Bypass) being built by Tarmac Construction.[1]
Rugby to Leeds, 1965 to 1968
The continuation of the motorway from junction 18 towards Yorkshire was carried out as a series of extensions between 1965 and 1968. Diverging from the A5, the motorway takes a more northerly route through the East Midlands, via Leicester, Loughborough, Nottingham to Sheffield where the M18 splits from the M1 at junction 32 to head to Doncaster.
Originally, the M1 was planned to end at Doncaster but it was decided to make what was going to be the "Leeds and Sheffield Spur", the primary route with the Template:Convert section to the A1(M) south of Doncaster given a separate motorway number.
From junction 32, the motorway passes between Sheffield and Rotherham, towards Barnsley then heads towards Wakefield and reaches the original end of the motorway at junction 44 to the east of Leeds. There were plans to route the M1 from just south of junction 42 where it interchanges with the M62, round the west of Leeds to the A1 at Dishforth; the chosen route passes to the east of Leeds. With the M62 and M621, the M1 forms a ring of motorways around the south of Leeds.
Leeds South Eastern Urban Motorway, 1972
In 1972 an extension of the M1 was opened into central Leeds as the Leeds South Eastern Motorway where it met the Leeds South Western Motorway (M621) coming north-east from the M62 at junction 3.
Lighting
In July 1972 the UK Minister for Transport Industries, John Peyton announced that Template:Convert of UK motorway particularly prone to fog would benefit from lighting in a project which "should be" completed by 1973.[1] Sections to be illuminated included the M1 between junctions 3 and 14, and between junctions 24 and 16.[1]
Leeds to Hook Moor, 1999
Between 1996 and 1999 the M1 section north of the M62 underwent a major reconstruction and extension to take the M1 on a new route to the A1(M) at Aberford. The new road involved the construction of a series of new junctions, bridges and viaducts to the east of Leeds. When the new section of M1 was completed and opened on 4 February 1999, the Leeds South Eastern Motorway section of the M1 was redesignated as the M621 and the junctions were given new numbers (M621 junctions 4 to 7).
London extensions, 1966, 1967 and 1977
The M1 was extended south from its original starting point at junction 5 towards London in three stages. The first stage, opened in 1966, took the motorway south-east, parallel to the A41 to meet the A5 at junction 4 south of Elstree. The second phase continued east to Scratchwood (the London Gateway Service Area occupies the location of the missing junction 3 from where an unbuilt spur would have connected to the A1 at Stirling Corner to the north-east), then south to run alongside the Midland Main Line towards Hendon where it meets the A1 again at junction 2 via a tightly curved flyover section. These flyovers connecting from the A1 were originally both for northbound traffic; the left one as the on-ramp to the M1, the right one going over the A1/A41 junction beneath to rejoin the A1 northbound.
The current junction 2 is about 650 yards (600 m) south of the original junction. Southbound traffic originally left the motorway via a slip road which passed under the A41/A1 Mill Hill Bypass and looped round to join it at Fiveways Interchange. This slip road is still in place and was maintained until the early 2000s though not accessible to traffic. The northbound slip road from the A1 is now partially used as the entrance way to a business park but no longer reaches the northbound carriageway as it is cut off by the motorway continuing south.
The final section of the M1 was opened to junction 1 at Staples Corner in 1977. There the motorway meets the North Circular Road (A406) at a grade separated junction and roundabout. Unrealised plans made in the 1960s would have seen the motorway continue through the junction on an elevated roadway to end at West Hampstead where it would have met the North Cross Route, the northern section of the London Motorway Box, a proposed ring of urban motorway around the central area. The layout of the Staples Corner junction was originally built in accordance with these plans although most of the London Ringways Plan had been cancelled by 1973. Around the same time the section between the M10 and junction 5 was widened from the original two lanes to three.
On its completion, the M1 acted as a fast link road between London and Birmingham. It also provided a link to London Luton Airport for these regions, and its proximity to the site of the Milton Keynes new town (designated in 1967) meant that it was soon providing a vital transport link to another major area.
In 2006 plans were developed to widen 240 miles from Leicester through to Leeds (junctions 21-42) which were subject to widespread road protests[1] The Transport Select Committee then claimed the Highways Agency had 'lost budgetary control' and the National Audit Office was asked to investigate why the price of the project has risen from £3.7bn to £5.1bn in 2007.[1] Plans were scaled back with widening to 4 lanes limited to the section from the M25 to Luton (Jct 6a to 10) which was already in progress and from Nottingham and Mansfield (junctions 25-28) with hard-shoulder running being proposed for other sections.
Recent developments
M1 Jct 6a to 10 Widening
A 10 mile section between the M25 and Luton (junctions 6a and 10) was widened to 4 lanes in both directions, this was completed in 2009. Work included the construction of new parallel roads between Junctions 7 and 8 for local traffic, widening or replacement of 11 underbridges on one or both carriageways and replacing 7 overbridges.[1] The cost was £294m.[1]
Current developments
M1 J10 to J13 improvement scheme
Template:Infobox Future Infrastructure Project
In January 2009 it was announced that hard shoulder running would be introduced on approximately Template:Convert of motorway between Junction 10, south of Luton, and Junction 13 where it joins with the A421 and would include modification to junctions 11 and 12[1] at a cost of between £326m and £503m and opening in 2013.[1] This plan replaced the earlier proposals to widen this section which from 3 to 4 lane carriageways including the removal of bridges crossing the motorway that are considered of historical architectural value.[1] There was a four month delay to the planned Public Inquiry in 2007 while further traffic modeling work was undertaken[1] and then after the estimated cost escalated from £382m to £601m the plans were abandoned and a Hard Shoulder Running Scheme was developed instead.[1]
The Highways Agency is currently upgrading the A421 road from Junction 13 to the Bedford southern bypass by constructing a new dual carriageway.[1] There are also plans to dual the A421 from Junction 13 to Milton Keynes[1] and to add capacity to Junction 10a on the Luton spur are being developed.[1] The A5-M1 Link (Dunstable Northern Bypass) from Junction 10 to the A5 road are currently on hold awaiting an assessment of the implications of the change from widening the M1 to hard shoulder running.[1]
M1 widening J25-28
Template:Infobox Future Infrastructure Project
Work to widen the 15-mile section between Nottingham and Mansfield to four lanes each way began in January 2008 and is scheduled for completion in 2010[1] at a cost of £340m.[1]
Proposed developments
Junction 19
Template:Infobox Future Infrastructure Project
The Highways Agency is planning a major upgrade to the overloaded interchange between the M1 motorway, M6 motorway and A14 road close to Catthorpe.[1] The preferred option is for a three level junction at an estimated cost of £201 million to £302 million[1] with construction due to start in 2011[1] In March 2005 the contract for the planning, design, management and construction of the scheme through the Statutory Procedures from preparation of draft Orders to completion of construction was awarded to Skanska/Jacobs Babtie and the Highways Agency started working with Skanska to prepare the plans for a Public Inquiry. Currently two miles (3 km) of stationary traffic is the norm on the westbound carriageway of the A14 and the M6 for traffic joining the A14 and a campaign group had been established to support the scheme.[1]
M1 J28-31 Managed Motorways
Template:Infobox Future Infrastructure Project
To introduce hard-shoulder runnning on between junction 28 (Mansfield) and Junction 31 (Sheffield) with work taking place between 2012 and 2014.[1]
Other proposals
In addition to the above schemes, the Highways Agency also plans to add capacity and improve flows on the following sections of motorway in the longer term.[1]
| Location | Works | Start date |
|---|---|---|
| M1 J21 - J21a | Various works | 2017/2018 |
| M1 J21a - J23a | Hard shoulder running | after 2020 |
| M1 J23a - J24a | Various works including hard shoulder running | after 2015 |
| M1 J24 - J25 | Hard shoulder running | after 2015 |
Junctions
Data[1] from driver location signs are used to provide distance and carriageway identifier information.
| M1 Motorway | ||||
| km | Southbound exits (B Carriageway) | Junction | Northbound exits (A Carriageway) | |
| 11.3 | North Circular (West), Brent Cross A406 | J1 | Start of Motorway | |
| 14.7 | North Circular (East) A406 The City A1 | J2 | Template:No2 No access | |
| London Gateway services | Services | London Gateway services | ||
| 21.4 | Edgware A41 | J4 | Template:No2 No access | |
| 25.9 | Harrow A41 Watford A4008 | J5 | Aylesbury, Watford A41 | |
| 32.0 | North Watford A405 | J6 | St Albans, Heathrow Airport, Harlow A405 | |
| Heathrow,Gatwick,(M40, M4,M23) M11, M20, M25 | J6a | Template:No2 No access | ||
| St Albans, Hatfield A414 | J7 | Template:No2 No Northbound Junction 7 | ||
| Hemel Hempstead | J8 | Hemel Hempstead A414 | ||
| Redbourn A5183 | J9 | Dunstable A5, Redbourn A5183 | ||
| Luton Airport A1081 | J10 | Luton Airport A1081 | ||
| 54.3 | Luton, Dunstable A505 | J11 | Luton, Dunstable A505 | |
| Toddington services | Services | Toddington services | ||
| 62.3 | Flitwick, Houghton Regis A5120 | J12 | Flitwick, Woburn A5120 | |
| 72.8 | Bedford A421 Woburn, Ampthill A507 | J13 | Milton Keynes, Bedford A421 Ampthill A507 | |
| 80.4 | Milton Keynes, Newport Pagnell A509 | J14 | Milton Keynes, Newport Pagnell A509 | |
| Newport Pagnell services | Services | Newport Pagnell services | ||
| 100.2 | Northampton A45 Milton Keynes A508 | J15 | Northampton A45 Milton Keynes A508 | |
| 103.4 | Northampton, Oxford A43 Northampton services | J15a Services | Northampton, Oxford A43 Northampton Services | |
| 109.6 | Northampton A4500 | J16 | Daventry A45 | |
| Watford Gap services | Services | Watford Gap services | ||
| 123.5 | Template:No2 No access | J17 | Coventry M45 | |
| Daventry, DIRFT A428 | J18 | DIRFT Hinckley A5 Rugby A428 | ||
| The NORTH WEST M6 Felixstowe, Corby, Kettering A14 | J19 | The NORTH WEST M6 | ||
| 137.9 | Lutterworth, Rugby A4303 | J20 | Lutterworth A4303 Market Harborough A4304 | |
| Coventry, Birmingham M69 Leicester A5460 | J21 | Coventry M69 Leicester A5460 | ||
| Leicester Forest East services | Services | Leicester Forest East services | ||
| 159.2 | Template:No2 No access | J21a | Leicester, Newark A46 | |
| 168.2 | Leicester A50, Coalville A511 Markfield services | J22 Services | Coalville, Ashby-de-la-Zouch A511 Markfield Services | |
| 175.4 | Loughborough, Ashby-de-la-Zouch A512 | J23 | Loughborough, Ashby-de-la-Zouch A512 | |
| 182.1 | The SOUTH WEST, Tamworth, Birmingham, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, A42 (M42) | J23a Services | The SOUTH WEST, Tamworth, Birmingham A42 (M42) East Midlands Airport A453 Donington Park services | |
| Loughborough A6 East Midlands Airport A453 Donington Park services | J24 | Stoke A50 Derby A6 Nottingham South/Centre A453 | ||
| Stoke A50, Derby A6 | J24a | Template:No2 No access | ||
| 193.5 | Nottingham South, Derby A52 | J25 | Derby, Nottingham West/Centre A52 | |
| Trowell services | Services | Trowell services | ||
| Nottingham, Ilkeston A610 | J26 | Ripley, Eastwood, Nottingham North/Centre A610 | ||
| Heanor, Hucknall A608 | J27 | Mansfield A608 | ||
| 217.6 | Matlock A38 | J28 | Mansfield, Matlock A38 | |
| Tibshelf services | Services | Tibshelf services | ||
| Mansfield, Matlock A617 | J29 | Chesterfield A617 | ||
| Markham Vale A6192 Bolsover (A632) | J29a | Markham Vale A6192 Bolsover (A632) | ||
| 239.0 | Chesterfield, Newark A616 | J30 | Sheffield, Worksop A6135 | |
| Woodall services | Services | Woodall services | ||
| Worksop A57 | J31 | Worksop A57 | ||
| 252.4 | The NORTH, Doncaster, Hull M18 | J32 | The North, Doncaster, Hull M18 | |
| 256.0 | Sheffield, Rotherham, Robin Hood Airport A630 | J33 | Sheffield, Rotherham, Robin Hood Airport A630 | |
| 259.5 | Meadowhall, Rotherham A6109: | J34 | Meadowhall, Rotherham, Robin Hood Airport A6178: | |
| 266.0 | Rotherham A629 | J35 | Rotherham A629 | |
| 267.9 | Template:No2 No access | J35a | Manchester A616 | |
| 270.1 | Sheffield A61 | J36 | Barnsley A61 | |
| 276.0 | Barnsley, Manchester A628 | J37 | Barnsley, Manchester A628 | |
| 283.9 | Huddersfield, Barnsley A637 | J38 | Huddersfield, Barnsley A637 | |
| Woolley Edge services | Services | Woolley Edge services | ||
| Denby Dale A636 | J39 | Denby Dale A636 | ||
| 294.1 | Wakefield, Dewsbury A638 | J40 | Wakefield, Dewsbury, Batley A638 | |
| Wakefield, Morley A650 | J41 | Wakefield, Morley A650 | ||
| Hull, Manchester M62 | J42 | Hull, Manchester, Bradford,Liverpool M62 | ||
| 303.7 | Template:No2 No access | J43 | Leeds M621 | |
| 305.2 | Leeds A639 | J44 | Leeds A639 | |
| Leeds A63 | J45 | Leeds A63 | ||
| 311.8 | Leeds A6120 | J46 | Leeds A6120 Selby A63 | |
| Castleford A656 Garforth A642 | J47 | Garforth A642 The South (A1) | ||
| 318.4 | Start of Motorway | A1(M), J43 | The NORTH, Wetherby A1(M) | |
List of sights visible from the M1
- Midland Main Line and Thameslink (between London Gateway services and junction 1, and also between junctions 11 and 12)
- Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal (Buncefield) (after junction 8 northbound)
- The Point Milton Keynes (between junction 13 to 14)
- Express Lift Tower in Northampton (between junctions 14 and 16)
- West Coast Main Line (runs alongside between junctions 16 and 18)
- Rugby VLF transmitter (between junctions 18 and 19)
- East Midlands Airport (between junctions 23A and 24)
- Ratcliffe-on-Soar Power Station (between junctions 24 and 25)
- Sutton Scarsdale Hall (on southern approach to junction 29 - visible only to southbound traffic)
- Hardwick Hall (between junctions 28 and 29)
- Bolsover Castle (between junctions 29 and 30)
- Meadowhall shopping centre (Sheffield, near junction 34)
- Former site of the Blackburn Meadows Power Station (Tinsley Cooling Towers) (Sheffield, near junction 34, opposite Meadowhall)
- Wentworth Castle (between junctions 36 and 37)
- Barnsley Town Hall (visible travelling southbound between junctions 37 and 38)
- Emley Moor mast (between junctions 37 and 38, again between junctions 39 and 40 and also between junctions 45 and 46)
- Ferrybridge Power Station (Leeds, at junction 42 slip road North and Southbound)
- Bridgewater Place (Leeds, between junctions 43 and 45)
- Temple Newsam (Leeds, between junctions 44 and 45)
Notable events
On 8 January 1989 a Boeing 737 crashed onto the embankment of the M1 whilst attempting an emergency landing at East Midlands Airport in Leicestershire, killing 47 passengers. Template:Main
On 6 September 1997 large sections of the northbound carriageway were closed between London and Althorp, Northamptonshire to allow for the funeral procession of Diana, Princess of Wales. In an unprecedented event, police allowed pedestrians onto the normally busy northbound carriageway almost the entire length of the route to pay their respects.
In 2002, a section of the M1 near Milton Keynes was cleared using mobile police roadblocks to allow for filming of the movie 28 Days Later.
An Template:Convert stretch of the motorway was closed entirely on the morning of 11 December 2005 following a major explosion and fire at the Buncefield Oil Depot, which is less than half a mile from the M1. Template:Main
On the morning of 24 August 2008 the Tinsley Viaduct and surrounding motorway were closed to allow safe demolition of the Tinsley cooling towers. The demolition occurred at 0300 BST,[1] the M1 remaining closed for much of the day until the stability of the viaduct was confirmed.
See also
References
External links
- Book on history of design, construction and use of M1 in late 1950s and 1960s [1]
- CBRD Motorway Database - M1
- Highways Agency
- The Motorway Archive:
- UK-Roads.org.uk - Images of M1
- The London - Yorkshire Motorway - History of the construction of the first section of M1
- BBC website The Backbone of Britain contains link to a video of 2'42" in length
- BBC website 'M1 could be dangerous in rain
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