July 21

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Events

356 BC – Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
285 – Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar and co-ruler.
365 – A tsunami devastates the city of Alexandria, Egypt. The tsunami was caused by an earthquake estimated to be 8.0 on the Richter Scale. 5,000 people perished in the Alexandria, and 45,000 more died outside of the city.
1403 – Battle of Shrewsbury: King Henry IV of England defeats rebels to the north of the county town of Shropshire, England.
1545 – The first landing of French troops on the coast of the Isle of Wight during the French invasion of the Isle of Wight occurs.
1568 – Eighty Years' War: Battle of Jemmingen – Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva defeats Louis of Nassau.
1718 – The Treaty of Passarowitz between the Ottoman Empire, Austria and the Republic of Venice is signed.
1774 – Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ending the war.
1831 – Inauguration of Léopold I of Belgium, first king of the Belgians.
1861 – American Civil War: First Battle of Bull Run – at Manassas Junction, Virginia, the first major battle of the war begins and ends in a victory for the Confederate army.
1865 – In the market square of Springfield, Missouri, Wild Bill Hickok shoots and kills Davis Tutt in what is regarded as the first true western showdown.
1873 – At Adair, Iowa, Jesse James and the James-Younger gang pull off the first successful train robbery in the American West.
1877 – After rioting by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad workers and the deaths of nine rail workers at the hands of the Maryland militia, workers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania stage a sympathy strike that is met with an assault by the state militia.
1904 – Louis Rigolly, a Frenchman, becomes the first man to break the Template:Convert barrier on land. He drove a 15-liter Gobron-Brille in Ostend, Belgium.
1918 – Template:SMU shells Nauset Beach, in Orleans, Massachusetts. This is the first time that the United States is shelled since the Mexican-American War.
1919 – The dirigible Wingfoot Air Express crashes into the Illinois Trust and Savings Building in Chicago, killing 12 people.
1925 – Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class and fined $100.
1925 – Sir Malcolm Campbell becomes the first man to break the Template:Convert land barrier at Pendine Sands in Wales. He drove a Sunbeam to a two-way average of Template:Convert.
1944 – World War II: Battle of Guam – American troops land on Guam starting the battle. It would end on August 10.
1944 World War II: Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg and fellow conspirators are executed in Berlin, Germany for the July 20 plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler.
1949 – The United States Senate ratifies the North Atlantic Treaty.
1954 – First Indochina War: The Geneva Conference partitions Vietnam into North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
1959 – Elijah Jerry "Pumpsie" Green becomes the first African-American to play for the Boston Red Sox, the last team to integrate. He came in as a pinch runner for Vic Wertz and stayed in as shortstop in a 2-1 loss to the Chicago White Sox.
1960 – Sirimavo Bandaranaike is elected prime minister of Sri Lanka and becomes the first woman prime minister in the world.
1961 – Mercury program: Mercury-Redstone 4 Mission – Gus Grissom piloting Liberty Bell 7 becomes the second American to go into space (in a suborbital mission).
1964 – Singapore Race Riot – every year since then, Racial Harmony Day is celebrated on this day.
1969 – Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin become the first men to walk on the Moon, during the Apollo 11 mission.
1970 – After 11 years of construction, the Aswan High Dam in Egypt is completed.
1972 – Bloody Friday bombing by the Provisional Irish Republican Army around Belfast, Northern Ireland – 22 bomb explosions, 9 people killed and 130 people seriously injured.
1973 – In the Lillehammer affair in Norway, Israeli Mossad agents kill a waiter whom they mistakenly thought was involved in 1972's Munich Olympics Massacre.
1976 – Christopher Ewart-Biggs British ambassador to the Republic of Ireland is assassinated by the Provisional IRA.
1977 – The start of a four day long Libyan-Egyptian War takes place.
1983 – The world's lowest temperature is recorded at Vostok Station, Antarctica at −89.2°C (−129°F).
1994 – Tony Blair is declared the winner of the leadership election of the British Labour Party, paving the way for him to become Prime Minister in 1997.
1995 – Third Taiwan Strait Crisis: The People's Liberation Army begins firing missiles into the waters north of Taiwan.
1997 – The fully restored Template:USS (aka "Old Ironsides") celebrates her 200th birthday by setting sail for the first time in 116 years.
2004 – The United Kingdom government publishes Delivering Security in a Changing World, a paper detailing wide-ranging reform of the country's armed forces.
2005 – Four terrorist bombings, occurring exactly two weeks after the similar July 7 bombings, target London's public transportation system. All four bombs fail to detonate and all four suspected suicide bombers are captured and later convicted and imprisoned for long terms.
2007 – Release of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the final book in the Harry Potter series.
2008 – Bosnian-Serb war criminal Radovan Karadžić is arrested in Serbia and is indicted by the UN's ICTY tribunal.

Births

1620 – Jean Picard, French astronomer (d. 1682)
1664 – Matthew Prior, English poet and diplomat (d. 1721)
1693 – Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1768)
1710 – Paul Möhring, German physician (d. 1792)
1762 – Timothy Hinman, pioneer road builder
1808 – Simion Bărnuţiu, Romanian philosopher and politician (d. 1864)
1810 – Henri Victor Regnault, French chemist (d. 1878)
1816 – Paul Reuter, German-born British journalist (d. 1899)
1851 – Sam Bass, American train robber and outlaw (d. 1878)
1858 – Lovis Corinth, German painter (d. 1925)
1858 – Maria Christina of Austria, queen of Spain (d. 1929)
1858 – Alfred Henry O'Keeffe, New Zealand artist (d. 1941)
1863 – Aubrey Smith, English cricketer and actor (d. 1948)
1870 – Emil Orlik, Czech painter (d. 1932)
1880 – Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Slovak politician and astronomer (d. 1919)
1882 – David Burliuk, Ukrainian artist (d. 1967)
1893 – Hans Fallada, German writer (d. 1947)
1899 – Hart Crane, American poet (d. 1932)
1899 – Ernest Hemingway, American writer, Nobel laureate (d. 1961)
1903 – Roy Neuberger, American financier
1908 – Harold "Jug" McSpaden, American professional golfer (d. 1996)
1911 – Marshall McLuhan, Canadian author (d. 1980)
1920 – Constance Dowling, American actress (d. 1969)
1920 – Isaac Stern, Ukrainian-born violinist (d. 2001)
1922 – Kay Starr, American singer
1922 – Mollie Sugden, British comedic actress (d. 2009)
1923 – Rudolph A. Marcus, Canadian chemist, Nobel laureate
1924 – Don Knotts, American actor (d. 2006)
1925 – Anne Meacham, American actress(d. 2006)
1926 – Paul Burke, American actor
1926 – Norman Jewison, Canadian film director
1926 – Rahimuddin Khan, Pakistani general
1926 – Karel Reisz, British film director (d. 2002)
1926 – Queenie Watts, English actress (d. 1980)
1928 – Marcel Gauthier, Canadian wrestler (d. 1998)
1929 – Bob Orton, American wrestler (d. 2006)
1930 – Anand Bakshi, Indian lyricist (d. 2002)
1932 – Ernie Warlick, American football player
1933 – John Gardner, American author (d. 1982)
1934 – Chandu Borde, former Indian cricketer
1934 – Jonathan Miller, British theatre director
1935 – Norbert Blüm, German politician
1935 – Moe Drabowsky, baseball player (d. 2006)
1938 – Les Aspin, American politician (d. 1995)
1938 – Anton Kuerti, Canadian pianist, composer and conductor
1938 – Janet Reno, 79th United States Attorney General
1939 – John Negroponte, 1st United States Director of National Intelligence
1943 – Edward Herrmann, American actor
1944 – Tony Scott, British film director
1944 – Paul Wellstone, American politician (d. 2002)
1945 – John Lowe, English darts player
1945 – Lydia Shum, Hong Kong comedian and actress (d. 2008)
1945 – Barry Richards, Former South African cricketer
1945 – Geoff Dymock, Former Australian cricketer
1946 – Kenneth Starr, American lawyer
1946 – Barry Whitwam, British musician (Herman's Hermits)
1947 – Chetan Chauhan, Former Indian cricketer
1948 – Ed Hinton, American sportswriter
1948 – Cat Stevens, English singer/songwriter
1948 – Garry Trudeau, American cartoonist
1948 – Teruzane Utada, Japanese music record producer and manager
1949 – Al Hrabosky, baseball player
1950 – Ubaldo Fillol, Argentinian footballer
1951 – Robin Williams, American comedian/actor
1952 – John Barrasso, American politician
1953 – Brian Talbot, British footballer
1953 – Jeff Fatt, Chinese-Australian actor
1955 – Howie Epstein, American musician (d. 2003)
1955 – Taco, Dutch singer
1955 – Béla Tarr, Hungarian film director
1956 – Michael Connelly, American author
1957 – Jon Lovitz, American comedian
1957 – George Landress, American songwriter and music producer
1959 – Paul Vautin, Australian rugby league player
1960 – Lance Guest, American actor
1960 – Fritz Walter, German footballer
1961 – Amar Singh Chamkila, Punjabi folk singer
1961 – Jim Martin, American musician (Faith No More)
1963 – Kevin Poole, English footballer
1963 – Paulo Silva, Brazilian mixed martial artist
1964 – Ross Kemp, British actor
1964 – Jens Weissflog, German ski jumper
1965 – Guðni Bergsson, Icelandic footballer
1965 – Mike Bordick, American baseball player
1965 – Jovy Marcelo, Filipino racing driver (d. 1992)
1966 – Arija Bareikis, American actress
1966 – Sarah Waters, British novelist
1968 – Johnnie Barnes, American football player
1968 – Brandi Chastain, American footballer
1968 – Lyle Odelein, Canadian hockey player
1969 – Klaus Graf, German racing driver
1969 – Emerson Hart, American musician (Tonic)
1970 – Shawn Stasiak, American professional wrestler
1971 – Emmanuel Bangué, French long jumper
1971 – Charlotte Gainsbourg, French actress and singer
1971 – Nuno Markl, Portuguese comedian and radio host
1972 – Shinjiro Otani, Japanese professional wrestler
1973 – Ali Landry, American model and actress
1974 – Geoff Jenkins, American baseball player
1975 – Chris Bisson, British actor
1975 – Ravindra Pushpakumara, Sri Lankan cricketer
1975 – Mike Sellers, American football player
1977 – Paul Casey, English golfer
1977 – Jaime Murray, British actress
1978 – Justin Bartha, American actor
1978 – Josh Hartnett, American actor
1978 – Damian Marley, Jamaican musician
1978 – Gary Teale, Scottish footballer
1979 – David Carr, American football player
1979 – Tamika Catchings, American basketball player
1980 – Tailor James, Canadian model
1980 – CC Sabathia, American baseball player
1981 – Titus Bramble, English footballer
1981 – Blake Lewis, American musician
1981 – Joaquín Sánchez, Spanish footballer
1981 – Stefan Schumacher, German cyclist
1981 – Chrishell Stause, American actress
1982 – Mao Kobayashi, Japanese actress
1983 – Eivør Pálsdóttir, Faroese singer
1983 – Kellen Winslow II, American football player
1984 – Jurrick Juliana, Dutch footballer
1984 – Liam Ridgewell, English footballer
1985 – Von Wafer, American basketball player
1988 – Chris Mitchell, Scottish footballer
1989 – Rory Culkin, American actor
1989 – Chris Gunter, Welsh footballer
1989 – Juno Temple, English actress
1989 – Jamie Waylett, English actor
1992 – Rachael Flatt, American figure skater

Deaths

1403 – Henry Percy, English nobleman and soldier (b.c. 1364)
1425 – Manuel II Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1350)
1688 – James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, English statesman and soldier (b. 1610)
1793 – Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, French explorer (b. 1739)
1796 – Robert Burns, Scottish poet (b. 1759)
1798 – François Sebastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt, Austrian field marshal (b. 1733)
1878 – Sam Bass, American train robber and outlaw (b. 1851)
1880 – Hiram Walden, American politician (b. 1800)
1889 – Nelson Dewey, American politician (b. 1813)
1899 – Robert G. Ingersoll, American politician and military officer (b. 1833)
1932 – Bill Gleason, American baseball player (b. 1858)
1938 – Owen Wister, American author (b. 1860)
1941 – Bohdan Lepky, Ukrainian writer and poet (b. 1872)
1943 – Charlie Paddock, American athlete (b. 1900)
1944 – Claus von Stauffenberg, German military officer and head of the failed 20 July Plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler (b. 1907)
1944 – Ludwig Beck, German Chief of Staff (b. 1880)
1946 – Gualberto Villarroel, Bolivian politician (b. 1908)
1948 – Arshile Gorky, Armenian-born American artist (b. 1904)
1967 – Jimmie Foxx, American baseball player (b. 1907)
1967 – Albert Lutuli, South African politician, Nobel Peace Prize laureate
1967 – Basil Rathbone, English actor (b. 1892)
1968 – Ruth St. Denis, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1878)
1970 – Mikhail Gerasimov, Russian anthropologist and sculptor (b. 1907)
1970 – Bob Kalsu, American football player (b. 1945)
1972 – Ralph Craig, American athlete (b. 1889)
1972 – Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, Third king of Bhutan (b. 1928)
1977 – Lee Miller, American photographer (b. 1907)
1982 – Dave Garroway, American television host (b. 1913)
1986 – Ernest Maas, American screenwriter (b. 1892)
1991 – Paul Warwick, English racing driver (b. 1969)
1998 – Alan Shepard, American astronaut (b. 1923)
1998 – Robert Young, American actor (b. 1907)
2000 – Marc Reisner, American writer (b. 1948)
2001 – Steve Barton, American actor (b. 1954)
2001 – Sivaji Ganesan, Indian Tamil actor (b. 1927)
2003 – John Davies, New Zealander athlete (b. 1938)
2003 – Walter M. Jefferies, American film art director (b. 1921)
2004 – Jerry Goldsmith, American composer (b. 1929)
2004 – Edward B. Lewis, American geneticist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate (b. 1918)
2005 – Long John Baldry, British blues musician (b. 1941)
2005 – Lord Alfred Hayes, British wrestling announcer (b. 1928)
2005 – Michael Chapman, British classical bassoonist (b. 1934)
2006 – Mako, Japanese-born American actor (b. 1933)
2006 – Ta Mok, Cambodian Khmer Rouge leader (b. 1926)

Holidays and observances

Belgium: National holiday (1831 – inauguration of Léopold I, first king of the Belgians)
Guam: Liberation Day (1944)
Russia: summer Kazanskaya
Singapore: Racial Harmony Day

Roman Catholic